The Theory Of Scientific Management - 1633 Words

The purpose of this essay is to research, analyse and assess the theory of scientific management, which was revolutionised by Frederick Winslow Taylor in 1887 (A.Huczynski, 2010) and to critically evaluate the benefits and pitfalls of his theory. This theory Taylor developed is known as Taylorism and has been used commonly in various structures of organisation. Comparisons shall be drawn to other theories and advancements of this theory, such as Fordism and Toyotism, which was extremely popular in Japan (Cheng, 2009). Using these variations of Taylorism, we can therefore further and deepen the evaluation of his original theory. This essay aims to show that the disadvantages outweigh the advantages due to changes in culture and worker’s mentality. Taylor’s theory was built upon his key beliefs from observations he made in the workplace; that workers could increase efficiency by â€Å"reducing deliberate underworking by employees† (A.Huczynski, 2010) and that by standardising roles he could increase production and efficiency, through delegating certain small roles across a labour force. He believed that if each individual worker could perform one small task extremely well that both efficiency and most importantly, to the shareholders of the firm, the people who have most of the power, profits would increase. Someone who was seemingly inspired by Taylorism was the founder of Ford Motor Company, Henry Ford. He took the standardisation theory (A.Huczynski, 2010) to new levels andShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Management And The Scientific Management Theory Essay1208 Words   |  5 PagesTheories of management date back to the beginning of times. Every aspect of life contains some form of management. From managing oneself, to managing employees, to managing an entire corporation, management is a key part of life. Over time different theories have been developed and have evolved. Some of the first theories ever explored include the administrative management theory and the scientific management theory. While both of these theories were studied in depth, I believe that one of the greatestRead MoreThe Theory Of Scientific Management Essay1375 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to Miller (2010) Scientific management (Taylorism) was devised by Frederick Taylor to improve economic efficiency especial ly labor productivity by analyzing and establishing workflows. It was one of the earliest attempts to apply science to the engineering of processes and to management. Taylor’s scientific management was based on four principles. The first is replacing the â€Å"rule of thumb† work methods with methods based on a scientific study. The second is selecting, training and developingRead MoreThe Theory Of Scientific Management Essay1436 Words   |  6 Pagespioneers of management gave the theory of Scientific management or what is now referred to as Taylorism. Scientific management or Taylorism refers to â€Å"a form of job design which stresses short, repetitive work cycles; detailed, prescribed task sequences; a separation of task conception from task execution; and motivation based on economic rewards.† (Huczynski Buchanan, 2013). The applicability of Scientific management to this day is a controversial topic as there is still debate whether scientific managementR ead MoreThe Theories Of The Scientific Management Theory1047 Words   |  5 PagesManagement, as defined by Richard Wilson, is the body of thought that seeks to explain and improve the administrative control of businesses and their employees (2016). In this paper we will discuss some of the more popular management theories including the Scientific Management Theory by Frederick W. Taylor, Administrative Management Theory by Henri Fayol, Bureaucratic Management Theory by Max Weber, The Hawthorne Studies Human Relations Management Theory by Elton Mayo, the Management Science TheoryRead MoreThe Theory Of Scientific Management956 Words   |  4 Pages3. Scientific Management It is necessary to understand where the organization of work is headed. Through specialization, subordinate can upgrade their abilities or professions and there was a concerted effort to identify key aspects of work and organization which could be used to achieve efficiency through immutable principles. Taylor thinks management should merge with science to enhance the effectiveness. 3.1 Taylorism by Fred W. Taylor (1856-1915) Taylor’s scientific management theory suggestsRead MoreThe Theory Of Scientific Management Theory1158 Words   |  5 PagesScientific management theory is a theory whereby management analyses and synthesizes workflows. The assumptions of Taylorism are that workers are unintelligent and uneducated (Chen H Chung, 2013) and that they must be trained and given instructions to carry out their duties. Secondly, workers are assumed to be inherently lazy with lack of precision in judgement, hence performance is best measured and monitored by experts. And lastly, workers are only motivated by monetary value. (Bell, R.LRead MoreThe Theory Of The Scientific Management1283 Words   |  6 PagesThis report aimed to find the concept of the Taylorism is still effective in these days. It would seem that, Taylorism is â€Å"out-dated† theory of the Scientific Management however this theory is foundation of the organization management. Theory is all about how to be increase effectiveness of work place and how to encourage worker’s productivity. This report is also studies experiments of the Asch and Milgram. These experiments provide us how powerful is social pressure for decision making processRead MoreScientific Management Theory1868 Words   |  8 Pages1. Frederick Taylor’s Scientific Management Theory The scientific management approach was developed by Frederick Winslow Taylor at the end of the 19th century to improve labor productivity by analyzing and establishing work flow processes. Scientific management theory is the scientific method to define the â€Å"one best way† for a job to be done. It is the systematic study of the relationships between people and tasks for the purpose of redesigning the work process for higher efficiency. FrederickRead MoreThe Theory Of Scientific Management Theory Essay1985 Words   |  8 PagesClassical management theory came into recognition in the early 1900s during the industrial revolution when there were issues relating to factory systems. Problems arose, as managers were uncertain in dealing with increased labour dissatisfaction and were unsure of an appropriate method in training employees (Cliffnotes.com,n.d.). This resulted in managers developing and testing possible solutions, one of which was to focus on the efficiency of the work process, which is now known as the classicalRead MoreThe Theory Of Scientific Management2600 Words   |  11 PagesThe concept of scientific management was introduced by Frederick Winslow Taylor .This concept is one of the principles of management and is also known as classical theory .When F.W Taylor worked for Midvale steel company and Bethlehem company ,he observed that there were much disorder and wastage of human as well as other resour ces at work place . The managers and staffs had no concept about systematic and efficient performance of task. And all were following traditional ways of doing work.So

Comparing Virgil s Aeneid And Homer s Odyssey - 2766 Words

Journey, fate, conflict and divine intervention demonstrate the morals and ideas of the age and cultures in which both Virgil and Homer lived. The lives of the main characters, Odysseus and Aeneas must fulfill their destiny with direct interference from the Gods and Goddesses. With the gods and goddess not always sharing the same motives or best interest of the main character would make the journey to achieve their destiny extremely difficult. The gods and goddess can be vengeful just as much as they can be helpful to the main characters. â€Å"They are volatile, unpredictable, and fickle forces without limit and forces that cannot be altered once set into motion, unless an equal force intervences.†1 In both Virgil’s Aeneid and Homer’s Odyssey†¦show more content†¦They call Homer the educator of all Greece. Showing that his impact on the Greek culture was great. â€Å"Sing to me of the man, Muse, the man of twists and turns driven time and again off course, once he had plundered the hallowed heights of Troy. Many cities of men he saw and learned their minds, many pains he suffered, heartsick on the open sea, fighting to save his life and bring his comrades home. But he could not save them from disaster, hard as he strove- the recklessness of their own ways destroyed them all, the blind fools, the devoured cattle of the Sun and the Sun god blotted out the day of their return. Launch out on his story, Muse, daughter of Zeus, start from where you will-sing for our time too. â€Å"3 This opening statement foreshadows the end of the epic. Odysseus was the lone survivor and shows how this came to be. Odysseus without any real concern for anyone but himself has done what is in the best interest of himself and not what is in the best interest of the whole. In the Odyssey, Odysseus is on a journey home to his wife and son in Ithaca. He faces many obstacles and interferences from the gods and goddesses. The story starts ten years of the Trojan War took place. Odysseus is on the island with the goddess Calypso. She fell in love

Innovation and Technology Management Innovation and Growth

Question: Provide a completion statement confirming the achievements identified in the introduction for Innovation and Technology Management? Answer: Introduction The current study explains the significance of the emergence of technological innovation as a major force behind economic growth despite the pains that it has meted out in the past. In particular, the present study attempts to investigate the impact of innovation and technological developments on sustainable economic and social development. However, the present study also presents a critical review of the rise of the new digitised platforms in the economy and evaluates the concept of Robber Barons outlining the relationship between the state and the business. In addition to this, the current paper also illustrates the consequences of the third great wave of industrialization in comparison to the first two industrial revolutions. This in turn helps in critical evaluation of the impact of the third great wave that has resulted in invention as well as economic developments, primarily set off by the advancements in the computing and information and communication technology. However the scientific as well as technological innovation gave rise of the new platforms that formed the basis of the digitalisation and the sources of economic opportunities. Critical Review As rightly put forward by Andersson (2012), the physical platforms primarily refer to the stand that can be used as a support or basic inputs for other activities as well as products. The idea of physical platform has been there for quite a long time; however, the rise of digital platform was first marked in the software industry during the period 1980s and 1990s. The digitalised platform segmented into operating systems and applications were the two core parts of the platform that had the capacity of advancing tomorrows economy as well as the government. The digitalised platforms were utilised by industries such as the railways, car industry, banks along with other software and IT and hardware industries. Nevertheless, Ark (2014) argued that the advent of the digitalised and automated platform initially affected labour intensive industries where labour forces were replaced by automated modes of work. As a result of the advent of the new digitalised platform a huge population of the work force lost their jobs and the people felt the pain of replacement of labour intensive work procedure with the automated and mechanised one. However, the advent of the mechanised platform initially inflicted immense pain on the population initially, but later on the impact of the platform subsequently proved to be monumental (Core.ac.uk, 2016). As rightly mentioned by Talukder (2014), the platforms radically changed the making and building block of the economy by lowering the costs of operations of the business by utilizing low labour intensive technologies thereby started utilizing central data banks and information systems, built energy- saving applications, online banking and payment processors and digitalised value chains among many others. As suggested by Staton (2012), the rise of the new digitalised platforms helped the banking industry to form online networks, aggregated financial data for keeping books, use payment processors such as the First Data and TSYS. The railways developed the power grid system and other automated physical platforms. In addition to this, the power industry used platformisation in order to develop energy saving applications and smart meter apps to emerge as a digital material for catering services in a more cost effective and fast way (The Economist, 2015). The IT industry served to the other industries. The systems with the vertically assimilated components with segmented layers such as the main stream computers showed the way for sketching the architecture. The IT sector therefore can be seen as a inverted pyramid where the base represents the powerful platforms that helps businesses to gain economies of scale and the top represents the agility of operations as well as creativity of operations that can be further fragmented into several divisions. However, the workers initially found it very hard to cope with the fast mode of operations of the business in almost all the digitalised economy (Gelookahead.economist.com, 2016). As rightly mentioned by Rampersad and Patel (2014), the second industrial revolution occurred in the period between the Civil War and the early 20th century essentially marked the period of emergence of remarkable rate of growth in the arena of technology, corporations and the overall economy. In addition to this, the favourable government policies in the era of tremendous growth in the business and the industrial development enhanced the market advantages and also the key people who managed the big corporations. The key people who headed the huge corporations in that age were less worthily known as Robber Barons, primarily due to their anti-competitive business practices as well as exploitative relationships with the workers (The Economist, 2014). The Robber Barons of that age struggled to form monopoly businesses by developing innovative process of management, arrangement and organization as well as the production. The practices of the late 1800s were correctly coined by Mark Twain as the Gilded Age as the corporate of the late 19th century left innovative and new trails in the business world though the exploitative and the non-competitive nature of business practices needed to be evaluated against the laws of the modern times and the ethical considerations (McDaniel, 2012). Therefore, it can be clearly seen from the concept of Robber Barons that even the high rate of growth and inexorable march of the industries towards development cannot ensure the enhancement of the quality of life of the people and the entire society. Moreover, the tremendous growth rate due to the industrial revolution also cannot make proper functioning of the market and overall development of the economy. Therefore, it can be said that government plays a key role in the business structure and concepts of Robber Barons and the two needs to complement each other for creating the modern ways of carrying out the business operations. However, the government interference needs to be adequate that can help in generation of wealth instead of hindering the commerce and at the same time aid in controlling the businesses that exploit workers as well as consumers, evade the taxes and carry out the practices that are against the interests of the society (The Economist, 2016). Kogan (2012) rightly suggests that the lack of proper management of the innovation in the technological developments and the coordination between the state and the business is necessary for appropriate functioning. The state and the business are the two complementary sides that need to support each other. The government needs the support of the businesses to drive the rate of economic growth, generate employment opportunities, and increase exports for creation of trade surplus required for making payments in the world trade. On the other side, the businesses require government support for providing them an appropriate legal environment, basic security, creating necessary infrastructure and educating labours to undertake the daily business operations. The government also assume a lot of scientific research works and fund them that the businesses can utilize for their own commercial needs by converting the same into marketable products, for example, the internet network, satellite posi tioning process and drug formulations among many others. Therefore, the intervention of the state is necessary for proper management of the innovative technology and the application of the same for business purposes. The state intervention can also help in avoiding the anti competitive and the unfair practices by the industry leaders for the betterment of the society (Radio National, 2016). As rightly put forward by Iordanova and Cunningham (2012), the third great wave of digitalisation created the new wave of invention and at the same time economic disruption primarily driven by the improvement in the computing as well as advanced communication technology that emerged in the late 20th century. Staton (2012) opines that the third great wave of digitalisation had the potential to deliver a similar combination of social stress as well as economic evolution driven by technologies such as the intelligence of the mechanised operations, ubiquitous web and the improved robotics with the capacity of delivering several noteworthy innovations. The technological innovations in the third great wave such as the unmanned vehicles, drones, mobile technologies, language translating machines and many others aggravated the speed of development and swept away the old economic frames that in turn transformed the society and developed the lives of the people. The new economic opportunities delivered on a mass scale replaced the old ones. McDaniel (2012) opines that the new economic opportunities had the capacity of destroying the job opportunities and labour intensiveness of operations. According to the opinion of McDaniel (2012), around 47% of employment opportunities in America is under threat due to the advent of the automated mode of operation. Therefore there is an urgent need for the up gradation of the skills of the workers in order to maintain their continued employment (Library.uiuc.edu, 2016). Rampersad and Patel (2014) rightly argue that the emergence of the digital revolution is creating segmentation between the skilled and the wealthy and the rest of the society. As indicated by Iordanova and Cunningham (2012), the new technological innovations in the past helped in raising the wages by enhancement of the productivity with the gain being divided between the skilled and the semi-skilled workers and also between the owners of capital, labours and the end users. Therefore, it is apparent that the new technology is creating wide gaps between the earning levels of the skilled and the semi-skilled or the unskilled workers, owners of the capital and the labour. Therefore, along with empowerment of labour productivity the new third wave of digitalisation has also created a big pool of under employed workers that in turn is discouraging investment in the economy. As rightly suggested by Kogan (2012), the impact of technological evolutions on trade is also altering the basis of trial and error methods of economic development mainly in less developed economies. The mechanised manufacturing work that requires skilled design of work accounts for a larger proportion of the total value of trade that is subsequently leading to pre mature deindustrialisation in the developing countries. The governments increasingly depend on the developing industrial sector to absorb greater percentage of the unskilled workers primarily from the less developed and rural workers. Therefore in both the rich and the emerging economy, innovative technology is generating opportunities for the workforces that were earlier tied and held back by the financial as well as geographical constrictions. However, the new job opportunities for the labours with modest skill levels have become scarce in comparison to the bonanza job opportunities created by the previous industrial rev olutions. The first industrial revolution that started in the late 18th century and the second one approximately hundred years later brought about radical changes in the business and the economy. Workforces felt uncomfortable to cope up with the dynamic changes in the work process and many lost their jobs to Cartwrights power loom and thereafter to Edisons electric light in addition to Benzs horseless carriage along with other inventions. Nevertheless, they generated economic opportunities that were successfully replaced by new work. However, it is yet to be seen whether the digital revolution also has the potential to create job on a mass scale in order to make up for the job destruction due to the digital revolution (Gelookahead.economist.com, 2016). Conclusion The above study critically evaluates the economic opportunities brought about by the technological innovation and digital platformisation. The study presents a comprehensive comparative benefit analysis by focusing on the economic benefits of the digitalisation and at the same time outlining the ill effects of the capital intensive and mechanised systems. The systems of digitalisation is also creating new demands that are predominantly lesser labour intensive and fail to absorb unskilled labours in the industry and therefore can subsequently lead to premature deindustrialisation. However, the government can formulate strategies to educate the workers to avoid deindustrialisation and to handle the dynamic changes in the industry work procedure by adequately equipping them with the necessary education and the skill sets for continued employment. The digitalisation has certainly improved the pace of business operations by countless innovative inventions that can open up new economic opp ortunities and create economies of scale and in turn evolve the entire business and the state. References Andersson, M. (2012). Innovation and growth. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ark, B. (2014). Productivity and digitalisation in Europe. Brussels: Lisbon Council. Core.ac.uk. (2016). CORE - COnnecting REpositories. [online] Available at: https://core.ac.uk [Accessed 19 Mar. 2016]. Gelookahead.economist.com. (2016). [online] Available at: https://gelookahead.economist.com/platforms-on-the-rise/ [Accessed 19 Mar. 2016]. Iordanova, D. and Cunningham, S. (2012). Digital disruption. St Andrews: St. Andrews film studies. Kogan, L. (2012). Technological innovation, resource allocation, and growth. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research. Library.uiuc.edu. (2016). University Library, University of Illinois. [online] Available at: https://library.uiuc.edu [Accessed 19 Mar. 2016]. McDaniel, M. (2012). The industrial revolution. New York: Children's Press. Radio National. (2016). Digital revolution: the 'third great wave'. [online] Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/drive/the-27third-great-wave273a-digital-revolution/5799796 [Accessed 19 Mar. 2016]. Rampersad, G. and Patel, F. (2014). Technology innovation leadership in development. Staton, H. (2012). The industrial revolution. New York: Kingfisher. Talukder, M. (2014). Managing innovation adoption. The Economist. (2014). A world of robber barons. [online] Available at: https://www.economist.com/news/special-report/21596667-relationship-between-business-and-government-becoming-increasingly-antagonistic [Accessed 19 Mar. 2016]. The Economist. (2015). Robber barons and silicon sultans. [online] Available at: https://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21637338-todays-tech-billionaires-have-lot-common-previous-generation-capitalist [Accessed 19 Mar. 2016]. The Economist. (2016). The Economist - World News, Politics, Economics, Business Finance. [online] Available at: https://www.economist.com [Accessed 19 Mar. 2016].